Structural and evolutionary genomics, including the development of tools to analyse forest tree genomes such as genetic maps, thousands of markers of candidate genes (ESTPs, SNPs), and genotyping on a grand scale. Some concrete examples are the genetic mapping of white spruce and black spruce genomes, which has been undertaken in collaboration with the Canadian Forest Service (CFS), with financial support by NSERC, the Canadian Biotechnology Strategy (CBS), Genome Canada, Genome Quebec; the construction of such maps for Norway spruce with our partners from Univ. Nancy in France; the localization of QTLs on these maps; the identification of markers for the mitochondrial genome of conifers in order to build a Phylogeographical Atlas of Canadian Conifers, in collaboration with CFS; phylogenomic studies of nuclear gene families and the study of allele coalescence and intragenic recombination. A large-scale genotyping unit has been made available, with the financial support from the Canadian Foundation for Innovation, the Québec Ministry of Education and Univ. Laval.